Bajaj College of Science, Wardha (BCSW) Biological Sciences

Botany B.Sc. III Semester V (2020-21)

Semester – V

Biochemistry, Plant Physiology-I, Plant Ecology-I& Instrumentation and Phytochemistry

(60 Hours)

Unit I : Biochemistry (10)

1.1 Carbohydrates: Definition, properties & role; Classification: Aldoses & ketoses; monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides;

1.2 Lipids: Definition, properties & role; fatty acids, oils & waxes.

1.3 Aminoacids- Chemistry of amino acids present in proteins (Classification),

1.4 Basics of Enzymology: Nomenclature & Characteristics of Enzymes, factors affecting enzyme activity, Holoenzyme, Apoenzyme, Co-enzymes & Co-factors, Theories for Mechanism of action of Enzymes

Unit II: Plant-water relations (10)

2.1 Properties of water; Diffusion, Osmosis Imbibitions & Plasmolysis : significance

2.2 Water conduction: Root pressure theory, Cohesion-adhesion theory; Transpiration

2.3 Phloem transport: Munch hypothesis

2.4 Mineral transport: passive (Donnan’s equilibrium), active(carrier concept)

Unit III: Metabolism (10)

3.1 Photosynthesis: Concept, significance, photolysis of water (Hill’s reaction), cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation, Light independent reactions: C3, C4 and CAM pathways and their significance; factors affecting photosynthesis.

3.2 Respiration: Types (aerobic & anaerobic), glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, oxidative phosphorylation (ETS); fermentation (alcohol & lactic acid), photorespiration. Glyoxylate cycle

3.3 Nitrogen metabolism: Mechanism of biological nitrogen fixation, importance of nitrate reductase

Unit IV: Ecology and Environment: (10)

4.1 Climatic Factors: Light & Temperature (effect on vegetation).

4.2 Edaphic Factor: Pedogenesis, Soil profile, Soil properties (physical and chemical)

4.3 Biotic Factor: Interactions between a) plants, animals & human, b) plant community & plants & soil microorganisms.

4.4 Plant adaptations: Morphological, Anatomical & Physiological responses of Hydrophytes, Xerophytes, and Halophytes (with one example)

Unit V: Ecosystem (10)

5.1 Community characteristics: frequency, density, abundance, Life forms, Raunkier’s

Biological spectrum: Pond & Desert ecosystem

5.2 Autecology, ecad, ecotype, Natality, Mortality, Food chain, Food web, Ecological pyramids

5.3 Conservation of forest and water resources; Agricultural, noise and thermal pollution,

5.5 Plant succession: Hydrosere, Xerosere

Unit VI: Instrumentation and Phytochemistry (10)

(a) Instrumentation

6.1 Principle, types and application of: microscopy (Light, fluorescent, SEM, TEM),

6.2 Centrifugation, Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE and Agarose), Spectroscopy (UV-Vis),

6.3 Chromatography (Paper chromatography, Thin layer chromatography

(b) Phytochemistry

6.4 Active principles of Phytochemistry

6.5 Methods of their testing phytochemical substances

6.6 Identification and utilization of the medicinal herbs; Catharanthus roseus (cardiotonic), Withania somnifera (drugs acting on nervous system), Clerodendron phlomoides (antirheumatic) and Centella asiatica (memory booster).

List of Practicals Major Physiology experiments (Any 10)

✓ To study the permeability of plasma membrane using different concentrations of organic solvents.

✓ To study the effect of temperature on permeability of membranes.

✓ To determine the osmotic potential of vacuolar sap by plasmolytic method.

✓ To determine the water potential of any tuber.

✓ To compare the rate of transpiration from two sufaces of leaf- a) bell jar method b ) Cobalt chloride method.

✓ To determine the path of water (Ascent of sap).

✓ To separater chloroplast pigments a) by solvent method and preparation of their absorption spectra b) paper chromatography.

✓ To separate amino acids from plant materials an paper chromatography and their identification by comparison with standards.

✓ To measure rate of photosynthesis by Wilmott’s bubbler under variable conditions of light, temperature and CO2.

✓ To compare rates of respiration of various plant parts.

✓ To demonstrate bioassay of auxin, cytokinin, GA, ABA and ethylene using appropriate plant materials.

✓ To perform microchemical tests for determination of reducing and non-reducing sugars, starch, cellulose, oils and proteins.

✓ To study the effect of light intensity and quality, CO2 concentration and temperature on rate of photosynthesis by suitable method.

✓ To determine osmotic potential of the cell sap by plasmolytic method. To study the activity of enzyme amylase, catalase and peroxidase.

✓ Minor Physiology experiments (Any Seven) To demonstrate the phenomenon of dispersion.

✓ To demonstrate the phenomenon of adsorption.

✓ To demonstrate the phenomenon of imbibitions.

✓ To demonstrate the root pressure.

✓ To demonstrate that the amount of water absorbed and the amount of water transpired is approximately equal.

✓ To demonstrate that the light is necessary for photosynthesiss (Ganong’s light screen). To demonstrate that the light, chlorophyll and CO2 are necessary for photosynthesis (using Moll’s half-leaf experiment).

✓ To demonstrate fermentation by Kuhne’s tube. To demonstrate aerobic respiration.

✓ To demonstrate the evolution of CO2 in respiration.

✓ To demonstrate that the part of energy is released in the form of heat during respiration.

✓ To demonstrate the measurement of growth of germination pea seeds.

✓ To demonstrate the phomenon of gravitropism (geotropism), phototropism and hydrotropism. To demonstrate seed vaiability test by T.T.C. ( Triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride)

Ecology Practicals

✓ To determine frequent, density, abundance of the community by quadrate method.

✓ To determine the homogeneity of vegetation by Raunkiers frequency diagram.

✓ To determine the water holding capacity of the given soil samples.

✓ To determine the water rising capacity of the given soil samples.

✓ To determine the soil moisture of the given samples.

✓ To study the morphological and anatomical characteristics of anyone hydrophyte and xerophyte.

✓ To study the morphological characteristics of cladode, phylloclade, phyllode and pneumatophores.

✓ Principle and working of: spectrophotometer, microscope etc.

✓ To determine the DO of water samples different sources.

✓ To study the dust holding capacity of leaves.

✓ To estimate transparency, pH and temperature of different water bodies

✓ To estimate salinity (chlorides) of different water samples.

✓ To determine the percent leaf-area injury of different leaf samples collected around polluted sites.

✓ *To separate chlorophyll pigments by chromatography.

✓ To measure chlorophyll by spectrophotometer.

✓ To measure anthocyanin by spectrophotometer.

✓ To separate chlorophyll pigments by chromatography.

✓ Identification and utilization of the medicinal herbs.

✓ To study methods of testing different drugs.

✓ To study the active principles of herbal drugs.

Suggested Readings

• Hopkins, W. G. 1995. Introduction to plant physiology. John Wiley & Sons New York, USA.

• Old, R. W. and Primrose S.B. Principles of Gene Manipulation. Blackwell scientific publications, Oxford U. K. [new edition could be there]

• Dey, P.M. &Harborne, J. B. (eds) 1997. Plant Biochemistry. Harcourt Asia Pte Ltd/Academic Press I Printed in India 2000J

• Raghavan, V. 1986 Embryogenesis in Angiosperms: A Developmental and Experimental Study. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

B.Sc. Semester VI (Microbiology)

Molecular biology, Bioinstrumentation & Biotechnology

UG-MB(08)-S6-T

Course Contents:

Unit I: Gene Mutation & Regulation

Unit II: Genetic code & Protein synthesis

Unit III: Tools & Techniques of genetic engineering

Unit IV: Industrial Biotechnology

Unit V: Bioinstrumentation (Principle & application)

Unit VI: Applied Biotechnology

Teachers:

1. Dr. Mrs. S. S. Khandare

2. Dr. U. A. Malode

Mr. M. G. Ingale

Semester VI

Plant Physiology-II, Biotechnology And

Utilization Of Plants & Nursery & Hybrid Seed Production

(60 Hours)

Unit I: Plant Responses

Unit II: Plant tissue culture

Unit III: Genetic engineering

Unit IV: Phytogeography

Unit V: Utilization of Plants

Botany B. Sc. II Semester III

Semester – III

Angiosperms Taxonomy, Cell Biology, Plant Breeding and Plant Microtechnique (60 Hours)

Unit I Origin, Systematics and Biodiversity (10)

1.1 Origin of Angiosperms (Benettitalean theory) & Phyllogeny

1.2 Angiosperm Floras, Herbaria, keys (Indented and Bracketed), Valid publication

1.3 Modern tools in Taxonomy in relation to Morphology, anatomy and cutology :

1.4 Concept and significance of Biodiversity

Unit II Classification and Study of Families (10)

2.1 Classification of angiosperms: Natural, Artificial and Phylogenetic systems.

2.2 Systems: Bentham & Hooker and Engler &Prantl (with merits and demerits),

2.3 Dicotyledons : Malvaceae, Fabaceae (Papilionoideae, Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae)

Asteraceae, Asclepiadaceae, Euphorbiaceae

2.4 Monocotyledons : Liliaceae, Poaceae

.

Unit III Cell Biology I (10)

3.1 Typical plant cell - Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

3.2 Ultrasturcture & functions of: Cell wall & Cell Membrane (Fluid mosaic model

3.3 Ultrasturcture & functions of: Nucleus & Endoplasmic reticulum (RER and SER)

3.4 Ultrasturcture & functions of: Golgi complex, Ribosomes, lysosome, peroxisome, Mitochondria & Chloroplasts

Unit IV Cell Biology II (10)

4.1 Chromosome structure: Morphology (chromatid, chromomere, centromere, telomere, secondary constriction, satellite, karyotype)

4.2 Sex Chromosomes in plants : XY type in Melandrium 4.3 Cell division in plants: Mitosis, Meiosis and its significance.

Unit V Plant Breeding (10)

5.1 Plant Breeding- Definition and objectives

5.2 Hybridization (emasculation, bagging, crossing, labelling)

5.3 Clonal selection, Heterosis (Definition and scope)

5.4 Biostatistics - Mean, Mode, Median, Standard deviation, Standard error, Students t- test

Unit VI Plant Micro-techniques (10)

(a) Staining Plant Materials

6.1 Staining procedure s, classification and chemistry of stains. Staining equipment.

6.2 Reactive 32 dyes and fluorochromes (including genetically engineered protein labelling with GFP and other tags).

6.3 Cytogenetic techniques with squashed and smeared plant materials.

(b) Methods to study plant cell / Tissue Structure

6.4 Whole mounts, peel mounts, , clearing, maceration and sectioning;

6.5 Tissue preparation: living vs fixed, physical vs chemical fixation, coagulating fixatives, no coagulant fixatives; tissue dehydration using graded solvent series;

6.6 Paraffin and plastic infiltration; Preparation of thin and ultrathin sections.

List of Practicals

✓ Study of Families covered in the theory portion.

✓ Study of fossil Angiosperms micropreparation and specimens: Sahanianthus, Enigmocarpon

✓ Study of Cell organelles with the help of photographs/ Slides

✓ Study of mitosis in plant material

✓ Study of meiosis in plant material

✓ Study of hybridization (Emasculation, bagging crossing & labeling)

✓ To calculate Mean, Mode, Median, standard error from the given data (At least 10 problems to be solved)

✓ To calculate the study of t-value from the given data (At least 10 problems to be solved) * To prepare different laboratory stains.

✓ To study different staining equipments.

✓ To study procedure for staining different plant materials. To study methods of fixation preservation and clearing.

✓ To study the methods of paraffin and plastic infiltration.

✓ To study maceration and sectioning of infiltrated materials.

✓ Botanical Excursions (Two short or One long out of the state is compulsory).

Suggested Readings:

• Bhojwani, S. S. and Bhatnagar, S. P. 2000. The Embryology of Angiosperms.Vikas Publishing House, Delhi.

• Hartman, H. T. and Kestler D.E. 1976. Plant Propagation :Principles and Practices,3 rdEdn.

• Prentice- Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

• Proctor, M. and Yeo, P. 1973. The Pollination of Flowers. William Collins Son, London.

• Jeffrey, C. 1983. An Introduction of plant Taxonomy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, London.

• Radford, A.E. 1986 Fundamentals of plant systematic. Harper And Row, New York.

• Ugemuge, N. R. 1986. Flora of Nagpur District. Shree Prakashan, Nagpur.

• Dutta, S. C. 1989. Systematic Botany.Wiley Eastern Co.

• Naik, V. N.- Taxonomy of Angiosperm.